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淺談Java中的三種IO模型及三種模型之間的區(qū)別

猿友 2021-08-03 13:52:53 瀏覽數(shù) (2938)
反饋

一、BIO(Blocking IO,也被稱作old IO)

同步阻塞模型,一個(gè)客戶端連接對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)處理線程

對(duì)于每一個(gè)新的網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接都會(huì)分配給一個(gè)線程,每隔線程都獨(dú)立處理自己負(fù)責(zé)的輸入和輸出, 也被稱為Connection Per Thread模式

2021416115356969

缺點(diǎn):

1、IO代碼里read操作是阻塞操作,如果連接不做數(shù)據(jù)讀寫操作會(huì)導(dǎo)致線程阻塞,浪費(fèi)資源

2、如果線程很多,會(huì)導(dǎo)致服務(wù)器線程太多,壓力太大,比如C10K問(wèn)題

所謂c10k問(wèn)題,指的是服務(wù)器同時(shí)支持成千上萬(wàn)個(gè)客戶端的問(wèn)題,也就是concurrent 10 000 connection

應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景: BIO 方式適用于連接數(shù)目比較小且固定的架構(gòu), 這種方式對(duì)服務(wù)器資源要求比較高, 但程序簡(jiǎn)單易理解。

示例代碼如下:

Bio服務(wù)端

import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;

/**
 * @Title:BIO的服務(wù)端
 * @Author:wangchenggong
 * @Date 2021/4/13 9:41
 * @Description
 * @Version
 */
public class SocketServer {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9000);
        while (true){
            System.out.println("等待連接...");
            Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept();
            System.out.println("客戶端"+clientSocket.getRemoteSocketAddress()+"連接了!");

            handle(clientSocket);
        }

    }

    private static void handle(Socket clientSocket)  throws IOException{
        byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
        int read = clientSocket.getInputStream().read(bytes);
        System.out.println("read 客戶端"+clientSocket.getRemoteSocketAddress()+"數(shù)據(jù)完畢");
        if(read != -1){
            System.out.println("接收到客戶端的數(shù)據(jù):" + new String(bytes, 0, read));
        }
        clientSocket.getOutputStream().write("HelloClient".getBytes());
        clientSocket.getOutputStream().flush();
    }

}

Bio客戶端

import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.Socket;

/**
 * @Title:BIO的客戶端
 * @Author:wangchenggong
 * @Date 2021/4/13 9:49
 * @Description
 * @Version
 */
public class SocketClient {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

        Socket socket = new Socket("localhost", 9000);
        //向服務(wù)端發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)
        socket.getOutputStream().write("HelloServer".getBytes());
        socket.getOutputStream().flush();
        System.out.println("向服務(wù)端發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)束");

        byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
        //接收服務(wù)端回傳的數(shù)據(jù)
        socket.getInputStream().read(bytes);

        System.out.println("接收到服務(wù)端的數(shù)據(jù):" + new String(bytes));
        socket.close();
    }
}

二、NIO(Non Blocking IO,本意也作new IO)

同步非阻塞,服務(wù)器實(shí)現(xiàn)模式為 一個(gè)線程可以處理多個(gè)連接請(qǐng)求(連接),客戶端發(fā)送的連接請(qǐng)求都會(huì)注冊(cè)到多路復(fù)用器selector上,多路復(fù)用器輪詢到連接有IO請(qǐng)求就進(jìn)行處理,是在JDK1.4開始引入的。

應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景:NIO方式適合連接數(shù)目多且連接比較短(輕操作)的架構(gòu),比如聊天服務(wù)器、彈幕系統(tǒng)、服務(wù)器之間通訊,編程相對(duì)復(fù)雜。

2021041616104375

NIO 有三大核心組件: Channel(通道), Buffer(緩沖區(qū)),Selector(多路復(fù)用器)

1.channel類似于流,每個(gè)channel對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)buffer緩沖區(qū),buffer底層就是個(gè)數(shù)組

2.channel 會(huì)注冊(cè)到selector上,由selector根據(jù)channel讀寫事件的發(fā)生將其交由某個(gè)空閑的線程處理

3.NIO的Buffer和Channel都是可讀也可寫的。

NIO的代碼示例有兩個(gè)

沒有引入多路復(fù)用器的NIO

服務(wù)端

import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.ServerSocketChannel;
import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * @Title:Nio服務(wù)端
 * @Author:wangchenggong
 * @Date 2021/4/14 11:04
 * @Description
 * @Version
 */
public class NioServer {

    /**
     * 保存客戶端連接
     */
    static List<SocketChannel> channelList = new ArrayList<>();

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        //創(chuàng)建Nio ServerSocketChannel
        ServerSocketChannel serverSocket = ServerSocketChannel.open();
        serverSocket.socket().bind(new InetSocketAddress(9000));
        //設(shè)置ServerSocketChannel為非阻塞
        serverSocket.configureBlocking(false);
        System.out.println("Nio服務(wù)啟動(dòng)成功");

        while(true){
            //非阻塞模式accept方法不會(huì)阻塞
            /// NIO的非阻塞是由操作系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部實(shí)現(xiàn)的,底層調(diào)用了linux內(nèi)核的accept函數(shù)
            SocketChannel socketChannel = serverSocket.accept();
            if(socketChannel != null){
                System.out.println("連接成功");
                socketChannel.configureBlocking(false);
                channelList.add(socketChannel);
            }

            Iterator<SocketChannel> iterator = channelList.iterator();
            while(iterator.hasNext()){
                SocketChannel sc = iterator.next();
                ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(128);
                //非阻塞模式read方法不會(huì)阻塞
                int len = sc.read(byteBuffer);

                if(len > 0){
                    System.out.println("接收到消息:" + new String(byteBuffer.array()));
                }else if(len == -1){
                    iterator.remove();
                    System.out.println("客戶端斷開連接");
                }
            }

        }
    }
}

客戶端

import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;

/**
 * @Title:Nio客戶端
 * @Author:wangchenggong
 * @Date 2021/4/14 11:36
 * @Description
 * @Version
 */
public class NioClient {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

        SocketChannel socketChannel=SocketChannel.open(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 9000));
        socketChannel.configureBlocking(false);


        ByteBuffer writeBuffer=ByteBuffer.wrap("HelloServer1".getBytes());
        socketChannel.write(writeBuffer);
        System.out.println("向服務(wù)端發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)1結(jié)束");

        writeBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap("HelloServer2".getBytes());
        socketChannel.write(writeBuffer);
        System.out.println("向服務(wù)端發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)2結(jié)束");

        writeBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap("HelloServer3".getBytes());
        socketChannel.write(writeBuffer);
        System.out.println("向服務(wù)端發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)3結(jié)束");
    }


}

引入了多路復(fù)用器的NIO

服務(wù)端

import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.*;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Set;

/**
 * @Title:引入多路復(fù)用器后的NIO服務(wù)端
 * @Author:wangchenggong
 * @Date 2021/4/14 13:57
 * @Description
 * SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT —— 接收連接繼續(xù)事件,表示服務(wù)器監(jiān)聽到了客戶連接,服務(wù)器可以接收這個(gè)連接了
 * SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT —— 連接就緒事件,表示客戶與服務(wù)器的連接已經(jīng)建立成功
 * SelectionKey.OP_READ —— 讀就緒事件,表示通道中已經(jīng)有了可讀的數(shù)據(jù),可以執(zhí)行讀操作了(通道目前有數(shù)據(jù),可以進(jìn)行讀操作了)
 * SelectionKey.OP_WRITE —— 寫就緒事件,表示已經(jīng)可以向通道寫數(shù)據(jù)了(通道目前可以用于寫操作)
 *
 * 1.當(dāng)向通道中注冊(cè)SelectionKey.OP_READ事件后,如果客戶端有向緩存中write數(shù)據(jù),下次輪詢時(shí),則會(huì) isReadable()=true;
 *
 * 2.當(dāng)向通道中注冊(cè)SelectionKey.OP_WRITE事件后,這時(shí)你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)前輪詢線程中isWritable()一直為true,如果不設(shè)置為其他事件
 * @Version
 */
public class NioSelectorServer {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

        /**
         * 創(chuàng)建server端,并且向多路復(fù)用器注冊(cè),讓多路復(fù)用器監(jiān)聽連接事件
         */
        //創(chuàng)建ServerSocketChannel
        ServerSocketChannel serverSocket = ServerSocketChannel.open();
        serverSocket.socket().bind(new InetSocketAddress(9000));
        //設(shè)置ServerSocketChannel為非阻塞
        serverSocket.configureBlocking(false);
        //打開selector處理channel,即創(chuàng)建epoll
        Selector selector = Selector.open();
        //把ServerSocketChannel注冊(cè)到selector上,并且selector對(duì)客戶端的accept連接操作感興趣
        serverSocket.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
        System.out.println("NioSelectorServer服務(wù)啟動(dòng)成功");


        while(true){
            //阻塞等待需要處理的事件發(fā)生
            selector.select();

            //獲取selector中注冊(cè)的全部事件的SelectionKey實(shí)例
            Set<SelectionKey> selectionKeys = selector.selectedKeys();
            Iterator<SelectionKey> iterator = selectionKeys.iterator();

            //遍歷selectionKeys,對(duì)事件進(jìn)行處理
            while (iterator.hasNext()){
                SelectionKey key = iterator.next();
                //如果是OP_ACCEPT事件,則進(jìn)行連接和事件注冊(cè)
                if(key.isAcceptable()){
                    ServerSocketChannel serverSocketChannel = (ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();
                    //接受客戶端的連接
                    SocketChannel socketChannel = serverSocketChannel.accept();
                    socketChannel.configureBlocking(false);
                    //把SocketChannel注冊(cè)到selector上,并且selector對(duì)客戶端的read操作(即讀取來(lái)自客戶端的消息)感興趣
                    socketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
                    System.out.println("客戶端"+socketChannel.getRemoteAddress()+"連接成功!");

                }else if(key.isReadable()){
                    SocketChannel socketChannel = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
                    ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(128);
                    int len = socketChannel.read(byteBuffer);
                    if(len > 0){
                        System.out.println("接收到客戶端"+socketChannel.getRemoteAddress()+"發(fā)來(lái)的消息,消息內(nèi)容為:"+new String(byteBuffer.array()));
                    }else if(len == -1){
                        System.out.println("客戶端斷開連接");
                        //關(guān)閉該客戶端
                        socketChannel.close();
                    }
                }
                //從事件集合里刪除本次處理的key,防止下次select重復(fù)處理
                iterator.remove();
            }

        }

        /**
         * NioSelectorServer服務(wù)啟動(dòng)成功
         * 客戶端/127.0.0.1:57070連接成功!
         * 接收到客戶端/127.0.0.1:57070發(fā)來(lái)的消息,消息內(nèi)容為:HelloServer
         * 客戶端/127.0.0.1:57121連接成功!
         * 接收到客戶端/127.0.0.1:57121發(fā)來(lái)的消息,消息內(nèi)容為:HelloServer
         */

    }
}

客戶端

import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
import java.nio.channels.Selector;
import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Set;

/**
 * @Title:引入多路復(fù)用器后的NIO客戶端
 * @Author:wangchenggong
 * @Date 2021/4/14 14:39
 * @Description
 * @Version
 */
public class NioSelectorClient {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

        SocketChannel socketChannel = SocketChannel.open();
        socketChannel.configureBlocking(false);
        Selector selector = Selector.open();
        //要先向多路復(fù)用器注冊(cè),然后才可以跟服務(wù)端進(jìn)行連接
        socketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT);
        socketChannel.connect(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 9000));

        while (true){
            selector.select();
            Set<SelectionKey> keys = selector.selectedKeys();
            Iterator<SelectionKey> iterator = keys.iterator();
            while (iterator.hasNext()){
                SelectionKey key = iterator.next();
                iterator.remove();
                if (key.isConnectable()){
                    SocketChannel sc = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
                    if (sc.finishConnect()){
                        System.out.println("服務(wù)器連接成功");

                        ByteBuffer writeBuffer=ByteBuffer.wrap("HelloServer".getBytes());
                        sc.write(writeBuffer);
                        System.out.println("向服務(wù)端發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)束");
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * 服務(wù)器連接成功
         * 向服務(wù)端發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)束
         */

    }
}

三、AIO(Asynchronous IO) 即NIO2.0

異步非阻塞,由操作系統(tǒng)完成后回調(diào)通知服務(wù)端程序啟動(dòng)線程去處理,一般適用于連接數(shù)較多且連接時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的應(yīng)用。

應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景:AIO方式適用于連接數(shù)目多且連接時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)(重操作)的架構(gòu)(應(yīng)用),JDK7開始支持。

著名的異步網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊框架netty之所以廢棄了AIO,原因是:在Linux系統(tǒng)上,NIO的底層實(shí)現(xiàn)使用了Epoll,而AIO的底層實(shí)現(xiàn)仍使用Epoll,沒有很好實(shí)現(xiàn)AIO,因此在性能上沒有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì),而且被JDK封裝了一層不容易深度優(yōu) 化,Linux上AIO還不夠成熟

AIO示例代碼如下:

服務(wù)端

import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.AsynchronousServerSocketChannel;
import java.nio.channels.AsynchronousSocketChannel;
import java.nio.channels.CompletionHandler;

/**
 * @Title:Aio服務(wù)端
 * @Author:wangchenggong
 * @Date 2021/4/14 17:05
 * @Description
 * @Version
 */
public class AioServer {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        final AsynchronousServerSocketChannel serverChannel = AsynchronousServerSocketChannel.open().bind(new InetSocketAddress(9000));
        serverChannel.accept(null, new CompletionHandler<AsynchronousSocketChannel, Object>() {
            @Override
            public void completed(AsynchronousSocketChannel socketChannel, Object attachment) {
                try{
                    System.out.println("2--"+Thread.currentThread().getName());
                    //接收客戶端連接
                    serverChannel.accept(attachment,this);
                    System.out.println("客戶端"+socketChannel.getRemoteAddress()+"已連接");

                    ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(128);
                    socketChannel.read(buffer, null, new CompletionHandler<Integer, Object>() {
                        @Override
                        public void completed(Integer result, Object attachment) {
                            System.out.println("3--"+Thread.currentThread().getName());
                            //flip方法將Buffer從寫模式切換到讀模式
                            //如果沒有,就是從文件最后開始讀取的,當(dāng)然讀出來(lái)的都是byte=0時(shí)候的字符。通過(guò)buffer.flip();這個(gè)語(yǔ)句,就能把buffer的當(dāng)前位置更改為buffer緩沖區(qū)的第一個(gè)位置
                            buffer.flip();
                            System.out.println(new String(buffer.array(), 0, result));
                            socketChannel.write(ByteBuffer.wrap("hello Aio Client!".getBytes()));
                        }

                        @Override
                        public void failed(Throwable exc, Object attachment) {
                            exc.printStackTrace();
                        }
                    });

                }catch(Exception e){
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }

            @Override
            public void failed(Throwable exc, Object attachment) {

            }
        });

        System.out.println("1‐‐main"+Thread.currentThread().getName());
        Thread.sleep(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
    }
    /**
     * 1‐‐mainmain
     * 2--Thread-9
     * 客戶端/127.0.0.1:54821已連接
     * 3--Thread-8
     * hello AIO server !
     * 2--Thread-9
     * 客戶端/127.0.0.1:54942已連接
     * 3--Thread-7
     * hello AIO server !
     */

}

客戶端

import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.AsynchronousSocketChannel;

/**
 * @Title:Aio客戶端
 * @Author:wangchenggong
 * @Date 2021/4/14 16:56
 * @Description
 * @Version
 */
public class AioClient {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

        //創(chuàng)建Aio客戶端
        AsynchronousSocketChannel socketChannel = AsynchronousSocketChannel.open();
        socketChannel.connect(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 9000)).get();
        //發(fā)送消息
        socketChannel.write(ByteBuffer.wrap("hello AIO server !".getBytes()));
        //接收消息
        ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(128);
        Integer len = socketChannel.read(buffer).get();
        if(len != -1){
            //客戶端收到消息:hello Aio Client!
            System.out.println("客戶端收到消息:"+new String(buffer.array(), 0, len));
        }
    }


}

四、總結(jié)

BIO NIO AIO
IO模型 同步阻塞 同步非阻塞 異步非阻塞
編程難度 簡(jiǎn)單 復(fù)雜 復(fù)雜
可靠性 好
吞吐量

到此這篇關(guān)于 Java 中三種 IO 模型的簡(jiǎn)單介紹以及總結(jié)三者之間區(qū)別的文章就介紹到這了,想要了解更多相關(guān) Java IO 模型的其他詳細(xì)內(nèi)容請(qǐng)搜索W3Cschool以前的文章或繼續(xù)瀏覽下面的相關(guān)文章,也希望大家以后多多支持!


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